What Can Indivuduals Do to Help Protect Environment and Why?

Environment Tables of Contents: Introduction: The environment is defined as all the elements (biotic or abiotic) that surround an individual or species, some of which directly contribute to support herself one, or as all natural conditions (physical, chemical, biological) and cultural (sociological) can act on living organisms and human activities.The twenty-first century, environmental protection has become a major issue, along with the idea of necessary degradation of both global and local, because of human pollution. The preservation of the environment is one of the three pillars of sustainable development. It is also the seventh of the eight Millennium Development, considered by the UN as â€Å"crucial to the success of the other objectives outlined in the Declaration of the Millennium Summit†. Protecting the environment is preserved and the future survival of humanity.Indeed, the environment is our source of food and drinking water. Air is our source of oxygen. The climate allows our survival. And biodi versity is a potential reservoir of drug. Preserving the environment is a matter of survival. In fact in this report we will talk about why protect the environment is important and secondly we will see how we can help to protect the environment. Protect the environment, why is it important? Protecting the environment is important for our lives, for a healthy lifestyle but also to the development of the species because there is still much to discover.That is why the protection of the environment is important, now, we will see now through food, air climate and other points of how the protect the environment is essential. * Everything we eat and drink comes from nature. Or any pollution ends up one day in our food: in the water we drink or what we eat. And these pollutants can cause us to develop diseases or malformations. Protect our food source is to preserve the survival and therefore the future of humanity. * The air is absolutely essential to our survival. We cannot survive more t han a few minutes without breathing.The air brings oxygen fuel cells. But breathing, we do not inhale that of oxygen. We absorb a lot of other things. With each breath, we inhale gases and particles that are in the atmosphere. Some of these gases and particles are harmful to our bodies. With each inspiration, we take a bit of poison. Breathing then puts our health at risk and makes us sick. While breathing should only be keep us alive. Protecting air quality is the health and therefore the future of humanity. * Our societies have ways of life adapted to current climate.If the climate changes, our societies will not fit there. Some regions will suffer serious disorders. According to the parts of the world, there will be a rise in the water, droughts, and floods repeated, severe storms†¦ These disasters will flee or decimate populations. People will have to move or change their lifestyle. Conflicts break out to live in areas spared. Flora and fauna will evolve with the changing c limate. Some plants will no longer be appropriate. Local agriculture will be affected. Parasites will spread to new areas, spreading disease to humans, plants and animals.We are already beginning to see that the overall temperature of the Earth increases. And this change is extremely fast. Nature will not have time to adapt. The current balance is upset. Careful not to damage the environment is to preserve the delicate balance of the Earth and therefore the future of humanity. * Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal species in nature. All these species must be respected and preserved. But all these species are also necessary for the survival and future of man. Plants and animals can contribute to our health.For it is among the wildlife, sometimes unknown, that man has yet discovered or discovers drugs. These are also the wildlife that can help our agriculture. They can help improve performance and disease resistance of our plantations or our farms. Nature is a source of fu ture discoveries and solutions to our problems. It would be suicidal to destroy all that before they could benefit. Preserving biodiversity is to save a tank of future solutions to our problems. That safeguards the future of humanity. What can individuals do to help protect environment?Become more environmentally friendly is not as difficult as we might think. There are small things we can do every day to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and our negative impact on the environment. Every action and every thought, action is environmentally friendly. Caring for the Earth is a responsibility, a privilege or a treat of citizens! Elements to return to the Developer in the previous section, we will see how man can help the environment. * For the food: we must therefore ensure that nature produces a water and healthy food in sufficient quantity.For this, we must avoid polluting the soil and seas. * For the air: we should not carelessly dismiss or distribution of chemicals in excess. We must be careful not to pollute our atmosphere. * For the climate: we must not reject it harmful gases or particles dangerous to life. We have to limit our impact on climate by reducing our emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. For our air emissions accentuate the natural greenhouse effect that contributes to heat our planet. For this, we must ensure in particular to limit our energy consumption. For the biodiversity: we must prevent the destruction of natural areas. We need to protect endangered species. There are also others simples way to preserve our environment. We can help reduce pollution just by putting our plastic bottles in a different tray. If we hesitate about the choice between two products, it is preferable to one with less packaging. Considering a building with 7000 employees that recycle all their waste paper for a year, this represents the equivalent of 400 cars off the roads. A simple motto: â€Å"The best waste is that it did not produce†¦ Turn off the light s behind us, turn off the computer (and monitor) when we do not have the utility, TV also, use compact fluorescent bulbs or LED the best rather than traditional bulbs. The standby power consumption (stand-by) devices using a current transformer (television, computer, halogen lamps) are not negligible and a power strip with switch can completely disconnect the devices when they are not used. Simple gestures, but very effective on our power consumption. The dryer (dryer) is not always essential.Enjoy the summer heat and high winds of autumn to dry our clothes (the sun is also the best stain remover and bleach for clothes! ). It is good not to let the water run all the time while we brush our teeth. If we have a toilet that continuously allowed flowing a little water, it may be several tens of litters of water per day. The use of modern toilets (or toilet bio litter) provides, without odor, water savings even greater and provides rewarding compost our waste. Conclusion: In fact, to lea ve for our children tomorrow, a world livable, breathable and clean, we must start early with them to make them understand.Do not throw paper wanders by, turning off lights, do not waste water. All this in 3 / 4 years children understand! And then, ourselves, have more responsible attitudes and do not always rely on others to make savings (gas and transportation, sorting, paper everywhere. Every detail is important, and drop-by-drop, we come to a Wed. References: (Reynaud, 2011), Sustainable development in the heart of the company (Managment, 2011), Management, Environmental (Milton, 2011), The environment site (Smouts, 2011), Sustainable Development (Baddache, 2011), Sustainable development on a daily basis

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 14

CHAPTER FOURTEEN Down to the Harbor Down to the harbor they went – past the condos, the cane fields, the golf course, the Burger King, the Buddhist cemetery with its great green Buddha blissed out by the sea, past the steak houses, the tourist traps, the old guy riding down Front Street on a girl's bike with a macaw perched on his head – down to the harbor they went. They waved to the researchers at the fuel dock, nodded to the haglets at the charter booths, shakaed the divemasters and the captains, and schlepped science stuff down the dock to start their day. Tako Man stood in the back of his boat eating a breakfast of rice and octopus as the Maui Whale crew – Clay, Quinn, Kona, and Amy – passed by. He was a strong, compact Malaysian with long hair and a stringy soul-patch beard that, along with the bone fishhooks he wore in his ears, gave him the distinct aspect of a pirate. He was one of the black-coral divers who lived in the harbor, and this morning, as always, he wore his wet suit. â€Å"Hey, Tako,† Clay said. The diver glanced up from his bowl. His eyes looked as if someone had poured shots of blood into them. Kona noticed that the small octopus in the diver's bowl was still moving, and he scampered down the dock feeling a case of the creeps fluttering to life in his spinal cord. â€Å"Nightwalkers, gray ones, on your boat last night. I seen them,† said Tako Man. â€Å"Not the first time.† â€Å"Good to know,† said Clay, patronizing the diver and moving down the dock. You had to keep peace with anyone who lived in the harbor, especially the black-coral divers, who lived far over the edge of what most people would consider normal life. They shot heroin, drank heavily, spent all day doing bounce dives to two hundred feet looking for the gemstone-valuable black coral, then spent their money on weeklong parties that had, more than once, ended with one of them dead on the dock. They lived on their boats and ate rice and whatever they could pull out of the sea. Tako Man had gotten his name because on any given afternoon, after the divers came in for the day, you'd see the grizzled Malaysian carrying a net bag full of tako (octopus) that he had speared on the reef for their supper. â€Å"Hi,† Amy said sheepishly to Tako Man as they passed. He glared at her through his bloody haze, and his head bobbed as he almost nodded out into his breakfast. Amy quickened her pace and ran a Pelican case she was carrying into the back of Quinn's thigh. â€Å"Jeez, Amy,† Quinn said, having almost lost his footing. â€Å"Do those guys dive in that condition?† Amy whispered, still sticking to Quinn like a shadow. â€Å"Worse than that. Would you back up a little?† â€Å"He's scary. You're supposed to protect me, ya mook. How do they keep from getting into trouble?† â€Å"They lose one or two a year. Ironically, it's usually an overdose that gets them.† â€Å"Tough job.† â€Å"They're tough guys.† Tako Man shouted, â€Å"Fuck you, whale people! You'll see. Fucking nightwalker fuckers. Fucking fuck you, haole motherfuckers!† He tossed the remains of his breakfast at them. It landed overboard, and tiny fish broke the water fighting for the scraps. â€Å"Rum,† said Kona. â€Å"Too much hostility in dat buzz. Rum come from da cane, and cane come from slavin' the people, and dat oppression all distilled in de bottle and come out a man mean as cat shit on a day.† â€Å"Yeah,† said Clay to Quinn. â€Å"Didn't you know that about rum?† â€Å"Where's your boat?† asked Quinn. â€Å"My boat?† â€Å"Your boat, Clay,† said Amy. â€Å"No,† said Clay. He stopped and dropped two cases of camera equipment on the dock. The Always Confused, the spiny and powerful twenty-two-foot Grady White center-console fisherman, Clay's pride and joy, was gone. A life jacket, a water bottle, and various other familiar flotsam bobbed gently in a rainbow slick of gasoline where the boat had once been. Everyone thought someone else should say something, but for a full minute no one did. They just stood there, staring at what should have been Clay's boat but instead was a big, boatless gob of tropical air. â€Å"Poop,† Amy finally said, saying it for all of them. â€Å"We should check with the harbormaster,† said Nate. â€Å"My boat,† said Clay, who stood over the empty slip as if it were his recently run-over boyhood dog. He would have nuzzled it and stroked its little dead doggy ears if he could have, but instead he fished the oily life jacket out of the water and sat on the dock rocking it. â€Å"He really liked that boat,† Amy said. â€Å"Can I get a duh for the sistah?† exclaimed the dreaded blond kid. â€Å"I paid the insurance,† Nate said as he moved away, headed for the harbormaster. Tako Man had come down the dock from his own boat to stare at the empty water. Somber now. Amy backed up into Kona for protection, but Kona had backed up into the next person behind him, which turned out to be Captain Tarwater, resplendent in his navy whites and newly Kona-scuffed shoes. â€Å"Irie, ice cream man.† â€Å"You're on my shoes.† â€Å"What happened?† asked Cliff Hyland, coming down the dock behind the captain. â€Å"Clay's boat's gone,† said Amy. Cliff moved up and put his hand on Clay's shoulder. â€Å"Maybe someone just borrowed it.† Clay nodded, acknowledging that Cliff was trying to comfort him, but comfort fell like sandwiches on the recently bombed. By the time Quinn returned from the harbormaster's office with a Maui cop in tow, there were a half dozen biologists, three black-coral divers, and a couple from Minnesota who were taking pictures of the whole thing, thinking that this would be something they would want to remember if they ever found out what was happening. As the cop approached, the black-coral divers faded to the edges of the crowd and away. Jon Thomas Fuller, the scientist/entrepreneur who was accompanied by three of his cute female naturalists, stepped up beside Quinn. â€Å"This is just horrible, Nate. Just horrible. That boat represented a major capital investment for you guys, I'm sure.† â€Å"Yeah, but mainly we liked to think of it as something that floated and moved us around on the water.† Nate actually had a great capacity for sarcasm, but he usually reserved it for those things and people he found truly irritating. Jon Thomas Fuller was truly irritating. â€Å"Going to be tough to replace it.† â€Å"We'll manage. It was insured.† â€Å"You might want to get something bigger this time. I know there's a measure of safety working off of these sixty-five-footers we have, but also with the cabin you can set up computers, bow cameras, a lot of things that aren't really possible on little speedboats. A good-size boat would add a lot of legitimacy to your operation.† â€Å"We sort of decided to go with the legitimacy we get from doing credible research, Jon Thomas.† â€Å"We didn't make those figures up.† Fuller caught himself raising his voice. The cop interviewing Clay looked over his shoulder, and Fuller lowered his tone. â€Å"That was just professional jealousy on the part of our detractors.† â€Å"Your detractors were the facts. What did you expect when your paper concluded that humpbacks actually enjoyed being struck by Jet Skis?† â€Å"Some do.† Fuller pushed back his pith helmet and ventured a smile of sincerity, which collapsed under its own weight. â€Å"What's your angle, Jon Thomas?† â€Å"Nate, I can get you a boat like ours, with all the trimmings, and an operating budget, and you'd just have to do one little project for me. One season of work, maximum. And your operation can keep the boat, sell it, do whatever you want.† Unless Fuller was about to ask him to shove him off the dock into the oily water, Quinn pretty much knew he was going to turn down the offer, but he had to ask. Those were really nice boats. â€Å"Make your proposal.† â€Å"I need you to put your name on a study that says that human-dolphin interaction facilities are not harmful to the animals, and do a study that says that building one at La Perouse Bay wouldn't have a negative impact on the environment. Then I'd need you to stand up at the appropriate meetings and make the case.† â€Å"I'm not your guy, Jon Thomas. First, I'm not a dolphin guy, and you know that.† Nate avoided adding what he wanted to say, which was Second, you are a feckless weasel out to make a buck without any consideration for science or the animals you study. Instead he said, â€Å"There are dozens of people doing studies on captive dolphins. Why don't you go to them?† â€Å"I have the animal study. You don't have to do the study. I just want your name on it.† â€Å"Won't the people who actually did the study have some objection to that?† â€Å"No. They'll be fine with it. I need your name and your presence, Nate.† â€Å"I don't think so. I can't see myself testifying before impact committees and county planning boards.† â€Å"Okay, fair enough. Clay or Amy can do the stand-ups. Just put your name on the paper and do the environmental impact study. I need the credibility of your name.† â€Å"Which I won't have as soon as I let you use me. I'm sorry, but my name is all I really have to show for twenty-five years of work. I can't sell it out, even for a really nice boat.† â€Å"Oh, right, the nobility of starvation. Fuck that, Nate, and fuck your high ideals. I'm doing more for these animals by exposing the public to them than you'll do in a lifetime of graphing out songs and recording behavior. And before you retire to your ivory tower on the ethical high ground, you'd better take a good look at your people. That kid is a common thief, and no one has ever heard of your precious new assistant.† Fuller turned and signaled to his chorus line of whalettes that they were going to their boat. Quinn looked for Amy, saw her on the other side of the cop who was talking to Clay, helping him fill in details. He ran up behind Fuller, grabbed the smaller man's arm, and spun him around. â€Å"What are you talking about? Amy studied at Woods Hole, with Tyack and Loughten.† â€Å"That right? Well, maybe you'd better give them a call and ask them. Because they've never heard of her. Despite what you think, I do my research, Nate. Do you? Now, get back to your one-boat operation, would you.† â€Å"If I find out you had anything to do with this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Fuller wrenched his arm out of Quinn's grip and grinned. â€Å"Right, you'll what? Become more irrelevant? Screw you, Nate.† â€Å"What did you say?† But Fuller ignored him and boarded his million-dollar research vessel, while Quinn skulked back down the dock to his friends. Oily flotsam seemed to be losing its allure, however, and the crowd had dispersed somewhat, leaving only Amy, Clay, the cop, and the couple from Minnesota. â€Å"You. You're somebody aren't you?† asked the woman as Nate walked up. â€Å"Honey, this guy is someone. I remember seeing him on the Discovery Channel. Get my picture with him.† â€Å"Who is he?† said  «honey » as his wife took Nate by the arm and posed like he'd just handed her a check. â€Å"I don't know, one of those ocean guys,† she said through a grin, acting as if she were posing with one of the carved statues that decorated doorways around Lahaina. â€Å"Just take the picture.† â€Å"Are you one of those Cousteau fellas?† â€Å"Oui,† said Nate. â€Å"Now I muss speak with my good fren' Sylvia Earle,† he continued in his French-by-way-of-British-Columbia-and-Northern-California fake accent as he went over to Amy. â€Å"I need to talk to you.† â€Å"Sylvia Earle! She's a National Geographic person. Get their picture together, honey.† â€Å"He's lying, Nathan,† Amy said. â€Å"You can check if you want. It was all on the resume I gave to Clay.† She didn't appear angry, just hurt, betrayed perhaps. Her eyes were huge and teary, and she was starting to look vaguely like one of those creepy Keane sad-eyed-kid pictures. Quinn felt like he'd just smacked a bag of kittens against a truck bumper. â€Å"I know,† he said. â€Å"I'm sorry. I just†¦ well, Jon Thomas is an asshole. I let him get to me.† â€Å"It's okay,† Amy sniffed. â€Å"It's just†¦ just†¦ I've worked so hard.† â€Å"I don't need to check, Amy. You do good work. My fault for doubting you. Let's get Clay squared away and get to work.† He tentatively put his arm around her and walked her back to where Clay was finishing up his interview with the cop. Clay saw the tear tracks down Amy's face and immediately took her in his arms and pressed her head to his shoulder. â€Å"I know, honey. I know. It was a great boat, but it was just a boat. We'll get another one.† â€Å"Where's Kona?† Nate asked. â€Å"He was around here a second ago,† said Clay. Just then Nate's cell phone rang. He worked it out of his shirt pocket and answered it. â€Å"Nathan, it's me,† said the Old Broad. Nate covered the mouthpiece. â€Å"It's the Old Broad,† Nate said to Clay. â€Å"Amy, you go round up Kona while I finish up with the officer, okay?† Clay said. Amy nodded and was off down the dock. Clay turned back to the officer. The Old Broad went on, â€Å"Nathan, I spoke to that big male again today, and he definitely wants you to take a hot pastrami on rye with you when you go out. He said it's very important.† â€Å"I'm sure it is, Elizabeth, but I'm not sure we're even going out today. Something's happened to Clay's boat. It's gone.† â€Å"Oh, my, he must be distraught. I'll come down and look after him, but you have to get out in the channel today. I just feel it's very important.† â€Å"I don't think you'll need to come down, Elizabeth. Clay will manage.† â€Å"Well, if you say so, but you have to promise me you'll go out today.† â€Å"I promise.† â€Å"And you'll take a pastrami on rye for that big male.† â€Å"I'll try, Elizabeth. I have to go now, Clay needs me for something.† â€Å"With Swiss cheese and hot mustard!† the Old Broad said as Nate disconnected. Clay thanked the policeman, who nodded to Quinn as he walked off. Even the couple from Minnesota had moved on, and only Clay and Quinn were left on the dock. â€Å"Where are the kids?† asked Nate, cringing at the whole idea: he and Clay, the middle-aged couple being responsible and boring while the kids went off to play and have adventures. â€Å"I asked Amy to find Kona. They could be anywhere.† â€Å"Clay, I need to ask you something before they get back.† â€Å"Shoot.† â€Å"Did you check any of Amy's references before you hired her? I mean, did you call anyone? Woods Hole? Her undergrad school – what was it?† â€Å"Cornell. Nope. She was smart, she was cute, she seemed to know what she was talking about, and she said she'd work for free. The bona fides looked good on paper. Gift horse, Nate.† â€Å"Jon Thomas Fuller said that he checked and that no one at Woods Hole has heard of her.† â€Å"Fuller's an asshole. Look, I don't really care if she finished high school. The kid has proven herself. She's got balls.† â€Å"Still, maybe I should call Tyack. Just in case.† â€Å"If you need to. Call him this afternoon when you get back in.† â€Å"I'm sure Fuller was just yanking my chain. He tried to offer us a boat like his if we backed his dolphin-park project.† â€Å"And you turned him down?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"But those are really nice boats. Our armada has been reduced by fifty percent. Our nautical resources have declined by more than one-half. Our boatage is deficient by point five.† â€Å"What's up?† Amy said. She'd come back down the dock and seemed to have shaken off her earlier melancholy. â€Å"Clay's being scientific. Fuller offered us a sixty-foot research vessel like his, with operating budget, if we back his dolphin project.† â€Å"Do I have to sleep with him?† â€Å"We haven't put that on the table,† Clay said, â€Å"but I'll bet we could get a sonar array if you're enthusiastic.† â€Å"Hell, Nate, take it,† Amy said. â€Å"It would mean selling out my credibility,† said Quinn, appalled at what total whores his colleagues had become. â€Å"We'd be going over to the dark side.† Amy shrugged. â€Å"Those are really nice boats.† The corner of her mouth twitched as if she was trying not to grin, and Nate realized that she was probably goofing on him. â€Å"Yeah,† said Clay. â€Å"Nice.† Clay was goofing, too. He'd be all right. Nate shook his head, looking as if he were fighting disbelief, but actually he was trying to shake the memory of his dream of driving a big cabin cruiser through the streets of Seattle with Amy displayed as the bikinied figurehead. â€Å"If you're okay, Clay, we really should get out before the wind comes up.† â€Å"Go,† Clay said. â€Å"I'll get the police report for the insurance company.† To Amy he said, â€Å"You find Kona?† â€Å"He's down there with that Tako guy.† â€Å"What's he doing down there?† â€Å"It looked like he was building a saxophone. I didn't go close.† Quinn strode down the dock and looked to where Kona was talking with Tako Man. â€Å"No, that's his bong. It breaks down for easy portage.† â€Å"What's a bong?† â€Å"Cute, Amy. Help me get the equipment in the boat.† Suddenly Kona started shouting and running down the dock toward them. â€Å"Bwanas! I found the boat!† Clay perked up. â€Å"Where?† â€Å"Right there. Tako Man says it's right there. He dove down there this morning.† Kona was pointing to a patch of murky jade green water in the center of the harbor. Jade green because of all the waste flushed from the live-aboards, as well as the bait, fish guts, seasickness, and bird poop that went into the water faster than the scavengers could clean it out, and so it caused a perpetual algae bloom. â€Å"My boat,† said Clay, looking forlornly at the empty water. Amy stepped up and put her arm around Clay's shoulders to resume stage-two comfort. â€Å"He dove in that water?† â€Å"The nightwalkers sank it, Bwana Clay. Tako Man saw them. Skinny blue-gray guys. He called them nightwalkers. I think aliens.† â€Å"Aliens are always gray, aren't they?† inquired Quinn. â€Å"That's what I say to him,† said Kona. â€Å"But he say no, not with the lightbulb head. He say they tall and froggy.† â€Å"You're high,† said Clay. â€Å"Tako Man got dank mystical buds, brah. Was a spiritual duty.† â€Å"He's not criticizing you, Kona,† Quinn explained. â€Å"We just assume that you're high. Clay's just doubting the credibility of your story.† â€Å"You don't believe I? Give a man a mask, I'll dive down and get a ting off da boat for proof.† â€Å"Hepatitis, that's what you'll bring up,† said Amy. â€Å"I'm going to work,† said Nate. â€Å"My boat,† said Clay. Nate decided that perhaps he should offer a measure of solace. â€Å"Look at the bright side, Clay. At least whales are big.† â€Å"How is that the bright side?† â€Å"We could be studying viruses. You have any idea what it costs to replace a scanning electron microscope?† â€Å"My boat,† said Clay.

Changes in Immigration at Canada on 20th Century

Immigration has had a strong effect on Canada’s historical development, from countryside in the early part of the 20th century to the building of Canada’s largest cities. Immigration itself has changed greatly during the 19th and 20th centuries and continues to do so. During the first sixty years of the 20th century, the majority of immigrants to Canada came either from Europe or the United States.This has since changed much with entry based on a points system and the introduction of human’s benefit. At present Canada is known as a country with a wide immigration policy which is reflected in Canada's variety of races of mankind. According to the 2001 survey by  Statistics Canada, Canada has 34 national groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which 10 have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others represented in smaller amounts. 13. % of the population belonged to  visible minorities: most numerous among these are  Chinese  (3. 5% of the population),  South Asian  (3. 1%),  Black  (2. 2%), and  Filipino  (1. 0%). In 2004, Canada received 235,824 immigrants. The top ten sending countries, by state of origin, were Peoples Republic of China  (37,280),  India  (28,183),  Philippines  (13,900), Pakistan  (13,011),  Iran (6,491),  United States  (6,470),  Romania  (5,816),  United Kingdom (5,353), South Korea  (5,351), and  Colombia  (4,600).By 2006, the most numbered of immigrants coming to Canada originated in Asia, most especially in China and India. Immigration has been, and continues to be, a very important source of population growth in Canada. Given the ageing of the Canadian population and the gradual lessening birth rate, research shows that immigration could be the largest provider to population growth in the future.Therefore, it would not be amazing if Canada one day is the best country in the world economically, socially and culturally if immigration keeps on happenin g regularly. Combining different cultures in the world is a very big achievement because not many countries are successful in maintaining their cultural mixture and keeping peace at the same time is a tough challenge for any country. http://www. worldlingo. com/ma/enwiki/en/Immigration_to_Canada http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada

Position paper †Accreditation Essay

Hello, This assignment is for a subject called: Quality Management for Health Services Assignment 2: Position paper – Accreditation Weighting: 20% Length: 1000 words â€Å"Accreditation programs for health services or facilities are not useful.† Discuss this statement with reference to specific accreditation programs. In your response substantiate your claims with reference to literature. The assignment will be marked using the following criteria: 1. Style, organization and presentation 10% [2 marks] 2. Demonstrated understanding of principles and frameworks of accreditation 30% [6 marks] 3. Description of strengths and/or weaknesses of accreditation programs 30% [6 marks] 4. Identification of opportunities for improvements in accreditation programs 30% [6 marks].   Introduction – Accreditation is a process of certifying and approving that the services or products produced by a certain organization meet with certain standards in quality.   In Australia, one of the organizations that provide accreditation for hospitals and other healthcare organizations is the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards (ACHS). The main objective of this organization is to improve the quality of healthcare in Australian hospitals. ACHS is an independent organization that works for non-profit purposes and conducts reviews of the performance, quality assessments, etc, during the accreditation process. It was formed in the year 1974, and several other organizations such as the Australian Medical Council, the Australian Healthcare Association, and the medical colleges association have approved accreditation by the ACHS. For determining the standards in the level of healthcare, a committee formed containing representatives from various sectors of the population including the general public, government, hospitals, etc. The Council members vote for the Board of Directors. In the year 1996, the ACHS had launched a unique quality program titled Evaluation and Quality Improvement Program (EQuIP), the main aim of which was to deliver customer-oriented healthcare services to the people. A systematic external peer review process was set in place to closely monitor the program. The ACHS has about an 800-organization subscription and also acts as a consultancy to several other organizations throughout the world (ACHS, 2007). Body – Accreditation is a means of issuing trust. Any consumer who requires healthcare services desires those healthcare services to be of good quality and ensuring safety. It can be understood that in healthcare there are certain amount of risks, which can only be reduced to a certain extent. Accreditation is one of the means by which these risks can be reduced and quality care can be ensured. The patients should identify means by which these risks can be reduced.   Through accreditation, the entire process of providing medical care is well documented, besides being fool proof.   This would ensure that a process would be setup that would be based on strong evidences, ensuring better patient management.   Accreditation is often determined by the healthcare and the accreditation organization in strong technical terms that have to be fulfilled (ACHS, 2007). In the year 2006, the Australian Commission that maintained safety and quality in the healthcare sector felt accreditation standards needed to be improved.   They also felt that an independent review process was needed to raise the level of adherence to quality standards in healthcare organizations in Australia.   The organization felt that accreditation is a process to publicly recognize the achievements and adherence of the healthcare organizations national standards. Accreditation should be made available to all public and private sector organizations, and at different levels including community-based, private-health setups and tertiary healthcare organizations.   The accreditation organization should function independent of the organizations that it would be accrediting.   This would ensure that the performance and the standards that are present in the organization are given no bias by the accrediting organization (ACHS, 2007). Benefits of the accreditation system: – Greater involvement of the public and the healthcare organizations The clinicians who are responsible for providing quality care can be involved. Improves the community confidence levels in the healthcare system Better risk management in patient care Better compliance with the laws (reduction in medical malpractice cases) Patient safety standards are improved Education of the staff members towards developing good practices Provision of professional advice and guidance Staff education and training Developing strong mission statements, values and objectives for the organization The human resource processes can be effectively handled Compliance with the standards imposed by the regulatory bodies Better management of insurance claims and those of third parties Reduction in the insurance costs Better handling of the organization and the management Better flow of information Better decision-making processes Co-ordination can be improved Building a proper evaluation system Developing areas in which priority and attention is required (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2007 & JCAHO, 2007) Disadvantages would also be applicable, including: – Huge costs of accreditation which is finally passed on to the patient Emphasis on resources such as human, support systems, etc. The standards have to be continually updated, changing the area of concentration Accreditation would concentrate on improving structure rather than services Greater attention on increasing collaboration and partnership It may be difficult to streamline the processes Accreditation may not have an effect over the outcomes There may be huge emphasis on competition present in the market Need to subscribe to accreditation by more than one organization (PHF, 1997) In the year 2007, the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care gave an alternate model for accreditation of healthcare organizations.   Consultation with the stakeholders helped to identify the deficiencies in the current system and to develop a better one.   The idea was to apply this new alternative accreditation system across all the sectors of healthcare in a phased manner. Characteristics of this new accreditation system: – Implementing certain reforms Bringing about certain standards in the Australian healthcare system The system was to be developed in association with the stakeholders Improve the quality standards Improve the compliance levels with the rules in the healthcare organization Ensure evidence-based practices Improve the monitoring system Support mutual recognition Improve the participation levels Improve the assessments levels, methods and surveys Obligations to be imposed so that the organization adheres to the standards (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2007). Conclusion – It can be said that the entire process of accreditation needs to be setup in such a way that emphasis is given only in improving the patient care and satisfaction. All the meaningless process and structures that do not have an effect over improving the patient care should be removed.   The accreditation organization should ensure that such a system of accreditation is practically applicable by various types of healthcare organizations.   Not much emphasis should be given on costs.   Even organizations that are providing cost-effective care and are meeting with reasonable standards should be provided accreditation.   Accreditation should also be a voluntary system and not a compulsory one.   Different levels of accreditation should also be provided (PHF, 1997).    References: Australian Council for Healthcare Standards (2007). â€Å"About US.† [Online], Available: http://www.achs.org.au/whatwedo/, [Accessed: 2008, March 17]. Australian Council for Healthcare Standards (2007). â€Å"Mission, vision and values.† [Online], Available: http://www.achs.org.au/missionvisionvalues/, [Accessed: 2008, March 17]. Australian Council for Healthcare Standards (2007). â€Å"What accreditation means.† [Online], Available: http://www.achs.org.au/whataccredmeans/, [Accessed: 2008, March 17]. Australian Council for Healthcare Standards (2007). â€Å"ACHS Position Statements.† [Online], Available: http://www.achs.org.au/positionstatements/, [Accessed: 2008, March 17]. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (2007). â€Å"UPDATE: Review of National Safety and Quality Accreditation Standards November 2007.† [Online], Available: http://www.safetyandquality.org/internet/safety/publishing.nsf/Content/accreditation, [Accessed: 2008, March 17]. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (2007). â€Å"Draft: An Alternatvie Model for Safety and Qualtiy Accreditation.† Barnes, A.M. (2001). â€Å"Healthcare Law: Desk Reference.† Ali-Aba. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=KS5xke6-DEgC&dq=accreditation+advantages+healthcare&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 JCAHO (2007). â€Å"Benefits of Joint Commission Accreditation.† [Online], Available: http://www.jointcommission.org/HTBAC/benefits_accreditation.htm, [Accessed: 2008, March 17]. JCAHO (2007). â€Å"PSP Fact Sheet.† [Online], Available: http://www.jcipatientsafety.org/fpdf/ICPS/PSP%20Fact%20Sheet%20with%20New%20Logo.doc, [Accessed: 2008, March 17]. Public Health Foundation (1998). â€Å"Accreditation: A Study of Issues and Characteristics Applicable to Public Health.† [Online], Available: http://www.phf.org/Reports/Accreditation1/final_report.htm, [Accessed: 2008, March 17].                        

100 Years

100 years from now, many dimensions of human life will change dramatically. Science, medicine, and government will certainly change, and confidently for the better. The Homo sapiens species will advance and how things are now will be ancient history only to be taught through text in school, with many details of previous life long forgotten. The United Nations will develop a way to eradicate war and dispute through a full proof â€Å"Universal Problem Resolution Plan†. Therefore the world will finally be at peace, work as one, and the once poverty-stricken will flourish and starvation will lie in the individuals will to eat, not the â€Å"cards they’re dealt†. With war and fighting in the past the world will place all the dollars once used in military and armed forces into healthcare research and education. Doctors will have fashioned and perfected organ growth and the diseases we now fear such as A. I. D. S and Cancer will be thought of as a common cold due to easily accessible vaccines and remedies. Life will be different, but my outlook and attitude towards life will remain the same. I would wake up every morning happy that God gave me another day with my family and friends. I would wake up ready to make a difference and play my part in this world. I would not be raised from sleep by an alarm clock, but rather a microchip implanted behind my ear that told my brains receptors it was time to get up. The chip would also have my itinerary for the day and any important events I had planned. Prior to going to bed I would fill out what I wanted the chip to remind me on my phone and simply hold the phone beside my head so the chip could scan the information, store it, and later activate at the given time. Phones would still be referred to as phones but the technology that followed them would be phenomenal. To answer a call, you simply say â€Å"answer† or whatever you have programmed as your command to connect. The phone would then bring up a holographic display of the caller so interaction as well as speaking would take place. By the time I was awake and teeth had been cleaned to spec, I would go to my virtual wardrobe selector (VWS) and decide what to wear. The touch screen display allows me to choose what I would like to wear and delivers it to me with a solar powered track system. At this point 95% of the worlds power supply is solar and wind derived. Upon leaving the house, I would scan my thumb and the house would be locked and secure until I returned with virtually no way for trespassing or criminal mischief. Once I got in my car and turned on the ignition, powered by voice activation, along with everything else, I could drive to work myself (manually) or have the car drive itself there. The vehicle would be able to do this using satellite navigation, traffic and pedestrian observation sensors, and lightweight magnets in the body and the road. Traffic accidents and deaths would reduce by 200% after this technology was perfected. Although everyday life would be much easier, work would be intense as ever and the demand for good jobs would be outrageous. As a well renowned and highly sought after attorney I would have no problem with work, but still worked hard to keep my clients and those within my firm satisfied and content. Life would definitely be different, but still crazy. To keep from losing my sanity in the â€Å"once crazy, and still crazy† world I would surround myself with the ones who love me and love them just as much. I would continue to have faith in the Lord throughout my life and place nothing above him and his word. Technology would be great and the safety that came with it would allow most humans to live past 100 years old. In fact, I am 118.

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Counselling young people - Essay Example Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages that humans encounter throughout their life. The first stage, Trust vs. Mistrust, occurs from approximately birth to one year. Erikson (1950) defined trust as an essential trustfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of ones own trustworthiness. He thought that an infant who gets fed when he is hungry and comforted when he needs comforting will develop trust. He also said that some mistrust is necessary to learn to discriminate between honest and dishonest persons. If mistrust wins over trust in this stage, the child will be frustrated, withdrawn, suspicious, and will lack self-confidence. The second stage, Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, occurs between ages two and three. During this period it is important that the parents create a supportive atmosphere in which the child can develop a sense of self-control without a loss of self-esteem. Shame and doubt about the childs self-control and independence occur if basic trust was insufficiently developed or was lost such as when the childs will is broken by an over controlling parent. In this stage, Erikson said the child encounters rules, such as which areas of the house he is allowed to explore. The third stage, Initiative vs. Guilt, occurs between ages four and five. This is the stage in which the child must find out what kind of person he/she is going to be. The child develops a sense of responsibility that increases initiative during this period. If the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious then they will have uncomfortable guilt feelings. Erikson (1950) believed that most guilt is quickly compensated for by a sense of accomplishment. Eriksons fourth stage, Industry vs. Inferiority, occurs between six years and puberty. This is the period in which the child wants to enter the larger world of knowledge and work. One of the great events of this

Discuss the differential roles of the left and the right hemispheres Essay

Discuss the differential roles of the left and the right hemispheres and individual differences in functional lateralisation - Essay Example Therefore men are more lateralized and women are considered to utilize both the hemispheres to a larger extent while performing various tasks. It is claimed that certain skills like spatial and mathematical capability improves with lateralization while women enjoy advantage for verbal test because they use both the hemispheres equally (Lee 2005 p.138). Despite gender differences, lateralisation also involves individual differences due to the difference in the composition of the brain cells. Hemispheric specialization is a classic dichotomy that suggests that the right hemisphere concerns visuo-spatial abilities and the left hemisphere is associated with linguistic abilities. However, this does not mean that the distribution of hemispheric functions does not make the right hemisphere irrelevant to language or the left hemisphere ignorant of processing non-linguistic data. Novelty-routinisation continuum is an approach that explains hemispheric specialization of functions that argues the basic reasons for the lateralisation of cerebral responsibilities. The theory proposes that the left hemisphere is crucial for the processing of routinised cognitive decisions and pre-existing representations and the right hemisphere is crucial for the processing of new cognitive situations that has no pre-existing strategies or codes. The traditional assumption thus becomes an extraordinary case of this basic principle (Malloy & Duffy 2001 p.83) The novelty routinisation approach gives emphasis to individual differences with the theory that the cognitive novelty of one may be a familiar concept to another that can be explained through a dynamic approach instead of a static theory that details hemispheric specialization or laterlisation. Hemispheric specialization tends to vary with individuals at varying stages of skill development. The dominance of left hemisphere is not uniformly strong for all factors of

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Autism & Computing - Research Paper Example from high functioning individuals to those with severe communication disabilities. The patients of Autism have various developmental issues which are listed and discussed below (Eisenberg & Kanner, 1956): Excessive impassiveness with regard to human relationships Inability to successfully use ‘language’ as a mode of communication Restless and compulsive craving for upholding similarity / likeness leading to a striking drawback in the diversity of impulsive actions Over and above the issues listed above, people with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) are known to have a heightened sensitivity towards sound, smell, taste, touch as well as visual motivation; restricted imagination; abnormal physical movements; and problems related to attention and motivation. However, these problems are known to undergo changes over time. Problems related to Social development: The social development of patients with ASD is starkly different, deferred, and / or uncharacteristic than the others. Such difficulties can be observed / highlighted during the communication with their peers. On account of such issues, individuals with ASD often find it difficult to establish, develop or maintain friendships / social relationships. ... them on a day to day basis, with regard to common and practical aspects of communication such as use of eye contact; facial expressions / gestures etc., during everyday communication. Difficulties in communication also includes efficient application of language skills such as in case of turn taking in a verbal communication; or initiating a conversation; debating on shared topics; maintaining consistency related to the subject of discussion; and ascertaining the knowledge of the listeners regarding the topic of discussion. They also face severe difficulties in understanding idioms, phrases or sarcasm. Poorly developed imaginative skills Individuals diagnosed with ASD display poor imagination skills which lead to a constrained monotonous and stereotyped behaviour. Poor / underdeveloped imaginative skills include a total lack of practical or representational play to problems in using imagination in everyday social lives. Their interests are often limited and against the common / accept able cultural norms. They have a strong obsession over scheduled tasks as well as their composition / sequence (Gilberg, 2001). Individuals diagnosed with ASD suffer with various kinds of difficulties which tend to impair their quality of life and hence need special efforts taken to elevate their quality of living. They often undergo great difficulties in establishing social relationships and as a result become victims of loneliness, further culminating into frustration and social awkwardness (Bauminger, 2003). They often err in judging common social situations such as – failing to identify and differentiate between genuine compliments and sarcasm; friendly banter and bullying etc., and hence fail to safeguard or defend themselves in public. Furthermore they do not share the same common

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Allowing Gay Marriage - Essay Example This is wrong for many reasons, not least of which is the infringement on basic human rights. For many years marriage was between a man and a woman, both of the same races, for the purpose of having children and raising a family. That definition has changed a great deal. For example, the law criminalizing the marriage of two people of opposite races has been abolished. Yet we still cling to the definition of marriage that includes â€Å"a man and a woman† as though it were the only thing in the world that mattered. Why is it so difficult for us to accept change in a fluid world? We do not require people in married relationships to be the same race, in fact that would be discriminatory on more than one level. Yet we find it impossible to step beyond what is considered the definition of marriage. It is generally accepted that marriage is a union between a man and a woman, and that homosexuality is both unnatural and a recent invention. This idea is wrong, however. In fact homosexual tendencies have been observed in over 1,500 animal species, including dolphins, lions, and the dwarf chimpanzee which is one of humanities closest relatives. These homosexual tendencies range from life long partnerships, as with some birds, to single sexual interactions. In fact humans have accepted homosexuality for thousands of years. The first recorded homosexual couple dates back to 2400 BCE in ancient Egypt. These men were Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep, and are depicted in Egypt’s most intimate embrace on the walls of their tomb. There have been numerous other cases of the acceptance of homosexuality in Greek and Roman times as well. We can see from this that homosexual tendencies are neither unnatural nor a new invention. What other arguments are there, then, against same-sex marriages? Unfortunately, the arguments are numerous, if a bit unfounded and full of rhetoric. The most

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Male and female psychology ( similarities and differencess between them ) - Essay Example For example, it is often maintained that the females are more perceptive than males and they can understands social situations much better that what males can. Therefore, the psychological differences between men and women offer a significant area of analysis and understanding the various similarities and differences between male and female psychology can help one in developing successful relationship with the opposite sex. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the similarities and differences between male and female psychology in order determine some of the basic aspects in the psychological construction of each sex. Male and female psychology has various elements in common, although the differences between these gender identities are often stressed. Gender identity is fundamentally created by the difference between male and female psychology and biological aspects. In comparison with males, the females have a greater ability to pick up on social cues and they understand social situations better. An understanding of the communication styles of both the sexes reveals the difference between the emotional aspects of the two groups. â€Å"In course of socialization, communication and relationships become more important for women, as compared to men. Gender differences in the amount of communication and stronger orientation of women towards interpersonal communication have been described. Girls are reported to be more relaxed in their communication with boys than vice versa. Moreover, they communicate more passively, but tend to be more friendly and selective.† (Vasyura, 2008). Therefore, the emotional aspects of men and women differ greatly and the gender identity of each sex is determined also by these psychological differences. In conclusion, a reflective exploration of the similarities and differences between male and female psychology confirms that the differences result in the gender identity of each sex. An understanding of these similarities and

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CASE 2 - Coursework Example Common stocks are also investment made by stockholders and is recorded as par value. Retained earnings are the portion that a company keeps once dividends are paid to the preferred stockholders. Large corporations hold a considerable amount of retained earnings. Capital surplus defines values created from stocks issued at a premium over par value. Other stockholder equity shows cumulative gains or losses that cannot be recorded on the income statement (â€Å"Financial Statements†, n.d.). The concept outstanding share is contributed to common stocks. They are owned by public as well as by the company employees. A company calculates its market capitalization by multiplying outstanding shares by their current market price. From this perspective, companies do not have outstanding preferred stock shares. Preferred stocks have characteristics of common stock and a bond. They are traded separately from common stock at a different price. Like a bond, preferred stock has fixed rate payment. These stocks do not have voting right. Treasury shares are that share that once were outstanding shares, but later bought back by the company and decommissioned; they do not have voting rights and cannot claim dividend. Treasury share are created to boost up earning per share (EPS). This assignment uses Whole Foods Market from NASDAQ and General Electric Company from NYSE. Both companies report treasury shares but do not disclose the reason. Basic earnings per share (BEPS) implies the amount of a company’s profit that can be allocated to one stock. It is calculated using the formula, BEPS = (Net Income – Preferred dividends) / Weighted average number of common stock. Diluted EPS (DEPS) is calculated in those cases if a company possesses dilutive securities that can be converted into common stock. It is calculated using the formula, DEPS = {(Net income-Preferred dividend)/ Weighted average number of common stock – impact of convertible

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Powell scholarship - Essay Example After this I work with them on their math problems and give them some pointers. 2) I am also a math manager and member at the Worcester Academy. This role is slightly different from that of a tutor because I compete with some of my fellow peers in nationwide math competitions. Over the years I have attended math competitions such as MML, WOCOMAL, and even the prestigious HMNT, which is a Harvard run math competition. Before my team and I go to competitions, we put in many hours of hard study and practice with questions that are likely to come up in competition. For the latest national competition that we entered, our team came in third place. 3) Another role that I have is with the badminton club, where I have the dual role of co-founder and captain. Although there was already some badminton clubs in the same area, many of them were segregated in terms of race or ethnicity. Before I began the club, I saw that badminton players of different cultures rarely mixed together except when c ompeting against each other, so I wanted to do something about that. My club has a wide mix of international students and Americans who learn to have fun while playing badminton and also develop great friendships off the court. 4) I am also a member of a Destination Imagination team, where students have to use their creative talents to create successful ventures. There are many new challenges each semester, and the students have to learn how to work together to achieve a shared goal. Last year there was a competition where our team had the challenge of creating a movie trailer with limited production costs ($200). Our creative abilities helped stretch this budget through the use of recycled products as props. Although we only had limited resources and funds, as a team we were able to come up with a successful end product. 5) Another great activity of mine is playing on the soccer team at Concord Christian Academy. Although I had only played the sport a little before I joined the tea m, my primary reason for doing so was to become friends with American students and practice my English speaking and listening abilities. Before I was on the team, I did not really get the chance to mix with Americans. As an added bonus, my skill level improved relatively quickly and I became a starter. This helped me to improve my English even further because the rest of the team accepted me as a real player on the team. I put down my knowledge of the English language to being able to get along with native speakers in a fun setting. 6) One of my greatest leadership roles is acting as a proctor. This role entails great responsibility and it has helped me to develop great leadership skills. Part of my responsibilities is to supervise students during studies and make sure that they stay focused on their work. This role has also helped to develop my self-confidence because I have gained respect from many of the students. Further responsibilities include organizing the dorm room that I s leep in, and decorating the wall to make the dorm welcoming for any new student. Organizing dorm championships has helped to build camaraderie among the dorm members and helped them to develop lasting friendships beyond the dorm. 7) I also have volunteering experience working as a dental assistant. The head dentist is my mother’s friend. This role is not a paid position, although the experience that I have gained has been

Classification of My Classmates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Classification of My Classmates - Essay Example The students in the category sometimes may drop out of school and rarely make it official. However, there is also a group that consistently attends classes but do not attain good scores. This group fails because they do not put attention to what is being taught or do not revise their work or do their assignments seriously. The question we might ask, are underachievers naturally possessing low achievement capacity? To me, it is a big no. This is because to enter in college there are minimum qualifications that must be attained, you cannot attain this score if you do not have the potential to succeed. Underachievement result from misplaced priorities or being in the wrong course. Some students end up in courses that they do not like because of pressures from parents or relatives. This group feels demoralized because imagine Engineer seating in a medicine class! To him, everything that is taught here makes no sense to him. This makes him lose motivation and determination. There are also those whose priorities are misplaced; they take more time in entertainment and very minimal time in academic work. Most of their time is spent either in bars drinking or traveling to pay a visit to family and friends. I can say most of these colleagues are gifted underachievers that Kim (234) is talking about. The second category is that of average achievers. Students in this category are just determined to complete their courses and get out of college. Mostly, they study because of examinations and tests. They attend lessons not because they like but because they know their success is tied to the content of lectures. If an opportunity avails itself they do not attend lectures. Those in this category do not struggle to get very high marks but just struggle to get average marks. This is the group lecturers target when motivating students to strive to get high scores. They always hand in their assignments just in time.        Ã‚  

Othello - debating the rationale of why Iago betrayed him and try to Essay

Othello - debating the rationale of why Iago betrayed him and try to argue a justification for it - Essay Example Perhaps for this reason, the earlier play is generally viewed as one of the playwrights lesser achievements despite its successful debut and significant modern restagings. Thereafter, Shakespeares relative emphasis on the revenge formula gradually diminishes. To be sure, the warring families in Romeo and Juliet fit the revenge motif, as does Antonys rabble-rousing speech against the conspirators in Julius Caesar. But by Hamlet, the heros interest in revenge becomes reified into artistic ornaments like the play-within-the-play entitled The Mousetrap. Thus, I agree with Judge Posner that Hamlet is "not really about revenge," though I am less certain that the "theme of maturing" bears heavily on the plot (Law 67). (2) My point is that revenge becomes less and less insistent in Shakespearean tragedy until in Timon of Athens the hero does no bloodletting at all. Othello is among those mature tragedies transcending vengeance even while representing brutal retribution. Othello commits rash deeds that precipitate the tragedy in a way that the revenge formula cannot comprehend, however bloody the results--and they are indeed bloody (Othello). Therefore, Iago’s betrayal was not justifiable because in this play, it was necessary to explain how society works with corruption Some people like Iago believe people should not express what they feel for another person because he thought Othello’s judgment was clouded by him being in love. His way of thinking may stem from his hatred of women and would explain the murder he committed. This forced him to betray Othello so that he would focus on politics more than his personal relationship. Iago’s murder of Emilia could also stem from the general hatred of women that he displays. Some readers have suggested that Iago’s true, underlying motive for persecuting Othello is his homosexual love for the general. He certainly seems to take great pleasure in preventing Othello from enjoying marital happiness, and he

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Operating System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operating System - Essay Example It should be noted that computers cannot function and will become useless without it. The operating systems in our modern times function in order to accomplish three major goals which include hiding the details of the hardware through the establishment of abstraction, to assign the resources to specific processes, and to provide the user with an interface which is simple and easy to use for his benefits (Muhammad 2). Because of their design and task in computing devices, OS have been named as resource manager where the primary resource is the computer hardware including processors, storage, input/output devices, communication devices and data. As a resource manager, the operating system generally functions by "implementing the user interface, sharing hardware among users, allowing users to share data among themselves, preventing users from interfering with one another, scheduling resources among users, facilitating input/output, recovering from errors, accounting for resource usage, facilitating parallel operations, organizing data for secure and rapid access, and handling network communications" (Muhammad 4). One of the main purposes of an operating system is to allow its user to run his preferred... The rapid technological advancement which allows the evolution of OS also enabled the creation of different types of operating systems. It should be noted that a single operating system like Windows 2000 falls into many categories as experts are able to lump the characteristics and features of these OS into one comprehensive type. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a huge development to the rather plain text boards that are features of early computers. The GUI is an OS which contains graphics allowing users to interact with computing devices usually through a mouse by the graphical icons and visual indicators. On the other hand, the multiple-user OS allows the use of computers by two or more individuals at the same time or different times. Individuals sharing the same computer benefits from this by keeping their privacy through their different accounts. Thus, their documents are hidden and are kept from each other. Multitasking OS denotes those which are capable of running two or more different software at the same time on the same machine. For example, Windows 2000 can run Internet Explorer and open Microsoft Word at the same also allowing the user to do multiple tasks in the computing device. Lastly, multithreading allows are those which allow different parts of individual or more software to run concurrently while multiprocessing is an OS which allows two or more computer processor. Works Cited Muhammad, Rashid. Operating System. N.d. 10 September 2008 Operating System. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 2008. 10 September 2008

Problem Solving-Answer the questions related to The Theory of Essay

Problem Solving-Answer the questions related to The Theory of entrepreneurship - Essay Example Curran stated the term entrepreneur should be kept for those small business owners who are innovative and opportunistic in organizing resources or offering new products and services in chase of profit, and others that are not innovative and merely offer recognized and services to existing markets are merely small business owners. Schumpeters interactions with the thoughts of other economists were relatively complex in his most essential contributions to economic analysis were the theory of business cycles and development. Following neither Walras nor Keynes, Schumpeter start in The Theory of Economic Development with a paper of circular flow which, not including any innovations and innovative actions, leads to a inactive state. The inactive state is, according to Schumpeter, explained by Walrasian equilibrium. The superman of his story, though, is, in fine Austrian fashion, the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur upsets this equilibrium and is the reason of economic development, which proceeds in cyclic fashion along several time scales. In fashioning this theory linking innovations, cycles, and development, Schumpeter kept alive the Russian Nikolai Kondratievs thoughts on 50-year cycles, Kondratiev waves. Schumpeter offered a framework in which the four main cycles, Kondratiev, Kuznets, Juglar and Kitchin can be combined collectively to form a merged waveform. In fact there was significant professional competition between Schumpeter and Kuznets. The wave form offered here did not contain the Kuznets Cycle basically because Schumpeter did not identify it as a suitable cycle (you can see "Business Cycles" for verification. A Kondratiev wave could comprise of three lower degrees Kuznets waves. Each Kuznets wave could, itself, be faked of two Juglar waves. In the same way two or three Kitchin waves could outline a higher degree Juglar wave. If each of these were in stage, more

The Individual as Described by Emerson and Melville Term Paper

The Individual as Described by Emerson and Melville - Term Paper Example An individual can be described as any kind of specified object or person. Individuality, on the other hand, is the quality or state of being an individual. In particular, individuality examines some of the factors that make a particular individual be different from another. various philosophers have made efforts in trying to explain more about the individual and how he functions in his particular environment and society. One of the best-known philosophers, whose views and perspectives about an individual have been used in many disciplines is Ralph Waldo Emerson and Melville. Ralph Waldo Emerson, who existed between 1803 and 1882, can be described as the leading writer as well as thinker among the transcendentalists of New England (Emerson 23). During the time of Emerson, New England transcendentalism can be said to have been a philosophical and literal movement that was very successful, flourishing in the Massachusetts region and the adjoining areas especially before the time of civil war. Emerson was the son of a very Unitarian minister, being born in Boston. Emerson is said to have lived in Concord, a place that he stayed for a major part of his life (Emerson 34). On the other hand, Herman Melville (1819-1891) was a famous American novelist as well as the writer of poets and various short stories that featured the state of life during the Renaissance period in America (Melville 54). Most of the wr itings by Melville became public between 1846 and 1857, a time which they were published. Most of his writings were inspired by his experiences in life, especially as the common sailor, who moved in the spirit of adventure. Melville was also actively involved in the exploration of philosophy and literature as well as engagement in many of the contradictions that characterized the American society.  Ã‚  

By the end of the novel Maestro the reader feels that both Keller and Paul are egotists and equally unattractive characters Essay Example for Free

By the end of the novel Maestro the reader feels that both Keller and Paul are egotists and equally unattractive characters Essay By the end of the novel the reader feels that both Keller and Paul are egotists and equally unattractive characters. While I agree with the first part of this statement I disagree with the second. In this essay I will be discussing the characters egotism, is relation to each other. I will explain the reasoning behind the characters reasoning’s and because of this why I believe that Paul is the more unlikable character of the two. The reader learns very on in the book that each of these characters has unattractive qualities. Goldsworthy creates these characters equally undesirable in their own right. Paul’s superficial view on emotion and his quick judgement especially when it comes to Keller contribute to the portrayal of Paul as a fairly unlikable character. Paul makes the transition in this book growing up and this in its self is very much a contributing factor as we see him grow into his egotism where as Keller is explained and somewhat redeemed. Despite Keller being describes as a ‘virtuoso’ he is viewed by Paul -and there for the reader -as arrogant and patronising. â€Å" The boy is given to much self satisfaction† he observes of Paul, which is a fair description as Paul is often critical and patronising of Keller’s teaching techniques, which may well stem from his superior view of himself, â€Å" of course he sounded better, he had a better piano.† Paul from very early on is self centred, believing he is the best. He takes things at face value, especially when it comes to judging Keller and his teaching style. He does not take the time to watch and learn before making assumptions. When he says â€Å"He’s a Nazi† he could not have been more wrong. This statement become more apparent towards the end of the novel when we learn about Keller’s association with the NAZIs and the consequences it had not only on his life but also those of this family, his wife and son. Keller’s anti-social behaviour tends to bring a distance between himself and the other people in Darwin but also from himself as a character and the reader. But this is not a negative influence, in fact it makes the reader empathise with him or at least intrigue the reader enough to be on his side. This could be seen as one of Keller redeeming factors. When Keller chooses to move to Adelaide, Paul realised that his exile was self imposed â€Å" His exile was chosen, not forced upon him†, Keller’s arrogance and naivety during the War are why he chooses to stay in Vienna and ultimately causes the deaths of his wife and son. Keller believes that he had been betrayed, that by being close to Hitler his family would be saved. This assumption was naive, he says himself â€Å"I knew these people, these murderers. I had signed their concert programs. His self imposed isolation in Darwin as a result of this evokes empathy and sympathy in the reader and this could again be seen as a redeeming quality. As the reader learns that Keller has reason for his egotism, Paul- because of his youth is viewed negatively because he comes off as an ignorant child. When he moves to Adelaide we realise however that he has somewhat been groomed into this arrogance. Learning from Keller, Paul learns a lot but he also gets handed all of Keller’s arrogance as well. Learning the techniques from Keller but not how to play the music with passion, Paul starts to believe that technique is the only important thing. Keller as we learn has reason to focus on the technique, simply because he cannot stand the pain of actually feeling the music, evident in his missing finger. Paul’s arrogance grows throughout the book. As he progresses through the lessons with Keller and also as his love life grows with Rosie, he grows more self assured. Paul is very self driven and thinking he is the best he makes decisions that show his arrogance to the fullest. The choice to move to Adelaide right on the cusp of getting to finally know everything about his teacher shows that not only is he arrogant he is an egotist. He wants the fame and glory of being an amazing piano player. While Paul appears narcissistic, he is often aware of his flaws. Despite being pretentious, Paul is fundamentally shy. His refuge in the music room parallels Keller’s self-imposed solitude at the Swan. Paul is unsure of himself, as his ‘self-perception lagged timidly behind [his] growth spurt’. His arrogance protects him from his loneliness and his inability to attain greatness. Although Paul’s delusions of grandeur mark him as a weak character. At the end of the novel Paul admits that he â€Å"is able to dupe my audience at the odd concertbut nevermyself†, referring to his musical ability. Paul comes to the realisation that he will never be the piano player he desires and this admission evokes some empathy from the Maestro readers. Paul’s egotisms is much more prominent than Keller’s, and the tragedy of Keller’s life in a way prevents the reader from having negative feelings towards him. Paul and Keller are represented as egotistical characters but whereas Pauls is viewed as negative with small redeeming factors, Keller’s is understood and earned and explained from his passed.

Organisation and ICT Essay Example for Free

Organisation and ICT Essay Hardware In ASDAs finance department, as I wrote about in unit 2A, a total of 30 computers are used to deal with business on a daily basis. The specifications of these computers are as follows: * 30 colour, high resolution and flat screen monitors. Used to display the information produced by the computer. patriotic * 30 ergonomic keyboards. To type in the information to the computer. * 30 IBM computer mice which all have infra red enabled wheels. Used to click and go where you want on the computer. * All computers in ASDAs finance department have a 1GB RAM and an 80GB hard drive to allow fast running of the computer and a lot of storage. * All the computers contain sound, graphics and network cards. This allows the computer to use the monitor to display virtually anything. * The computers have USB ports and CD ROM/DVD drives and CD RW drives. This allows transferring information form work to home in the form of a USB key. There is also a main file server which all the computers within the finance department have access to and can get some files from. This computers description is different to all the others and has a 5GB RAM and 200GB Hard drive. This is to allow easy and quick access for files and to fit an enormous amount of files. Other hardware peripherals used in the finance department are printers. There are 16 laser printers in the department meaning 1 printer for every 2 computers. These printers are evenly distributed between each computer and the extra printer is located in the manager of the finance departments office. Also the printer in the managers office also serves a photocopier and a fax machine to utilize work time. In the finance department there are also 5 scanners, 1 scanner serving 6 computers. The main reason scanners are used in the finance department is to scan important documents such as receipts or pictures into documents. These files which are scanned can also be stored as JPEG files on the main server of all the computers. There is also a digital camera which is always kept in the managers office. The main file server has an excellent broadband internet connection that serves all of the computers in the finance department. This internet is supplied by BT as internet service provider (ISP). Computer Hardware Used in ASDAs Finance Department Input Devices How many and location Keyboards ergonomic 30 One on every computer Computer mouse Infra red wheels 30 One on every computer Scanner 5 Six for every computer Microphones 10 Used when needed Debit and Credit Card Machine (ATM) 5 One between every 6 computer Output Devices How many and location Flat Screen high resolution monitors 30 One on every computer Speakers 30 One on every computer Printers 16 2 between 1 computer, 1 in managers office Processors How many and location Central Processing Unit 30 1 in each computer File server. Data Storage: How many and location USB Ports 30 One in every computer Hard disks 30 One in every computer Ports and Cables How many and location USB Ports 30 One in every computer CD Port 30 One in every computer Headphones Port 30 One in every computer Microphone Port 30 One in every computer Software How many and location Microsoft Word 30 One in every computer Microsoft Excel 30 One in every computer Microsoft Access 30 One in every computer Microsoft Outlook 30 One in every computer Microsoft Outlook Express 30 One in every computer Norton Anti Virus 30 One in every computer Dreamweaver 30 One in every computer Sage Accounting Package 30 One in every computer Connections How many and location Intranet connections 30 On all computers Internet link with ISP On main server, but allows all computers to access internet and use e-mail The list above sums up the hardware used by ASDAs finance department. Hardware Applications used by ASDAs Finance Department Input Devices Keyboards: This device is essential to the use of computers as it allows you to type in the information that you want to. Without keyboards, computers would obviously be useless. The arrangement of keys on the core part of the keyboard is identical as any other typewriter. The computer keyboard does have keys which are specifically designed for the computer. Function keys, for example, are programmable and are used by software packages to access particular options, such as Help menus. A number of general uses of keyboards are entering text and numbers into the computer, perhaps using a word processor. Entering keywords into a search engine, a type of program used to find information on the World Wide Web. Controlling animated graphics characters in computer games and entering commands when using a command line interface, such as that for MS-DOS. Keyboards are probably the most commonly used input devices in the finance department along with computer mice and monitors. Computer Mouse: This device is used to navigate through the computer and click on the application that you which to use. This is essential to the efficient running of the computer. There are many types of mice and they have developed over the years. The mouse which the ASDA finance department used is fitted with optical lights which makes it much more quick and efficient and is much more productive than regular mouses. ASDAs finance department want to provide their customers with the best equipment to help them work to the best of their ability. Scanner: The finance department uses scanners to insert photographs or other types of images such as graphs and tables into a document. An example of a sort of document which scanners will be used for is a forecast. The finance department will scan graphs of predicted sales into the forecast to show what will have to be done to achieve the aim of the project. Also previous sale trends will be inserted into the document. Now the forecast is done the finance department will produce a budget where yet again, a scanner will be used to insert some images into the document. An example of this could be a table where the company can expect to make a certain amount of money if they charge a particular price for an item. Microphone: This is an input design which is not used all the time in ASDAs finance department. This is because it is only used to telecommunicate over a distance where the person who needs to communicate to is not in the same place as you. This allows the finance department to be able to hold meetings despite the whereabouts of the staff and times allows the department to make the most of the time that they have. Debit and Credit Card Machine (ATM): This ICT peripheral is an input device when the information needed is inserted into the machine. These pieces of ICT are used in the finance department so that ASDA can pay suppliers and also pay their creditors (who they owe money to) and basically clear their debts. ASDA also use these machines to pay people, including their employees and suppliers. So these machines are very useful to the finance department because it allows them to go about their business quickly and very efficiently. Output Devices Monitors: The monitors which are used in ASDAs finance department are flat screen high resolution monitors. This makes the viewing of the screen very easy and you can see the screen without getting sore eyes. This is an output device because it shows the result of your typing and all the work that you have done. The quality of the monitors at ASDAs finance department is very high and they are 17 in size. The reason why they are used is obvious they display all the work that you have done and is essential to the efficient running of the computer. Speakers: This is an output device because it releases the sounds that the computers are making. The ASDA finance department uses speakers whilst involved in videoconferencing. This allows the department to hold meetings with their staff despite the fact that they might not be at the office at the actual time of the meeting. The speakers are connected to the big screen in the meeting room so it is as is they are in an ordinary meeting. Printers: This is an output device as it gives you the work that you have done when you want to print it. There is a printer for every two computers in the finance department making a total of sixteen computers in ASDAs finance department. The printers in the finance department are fitted with both color ink and black and white ink. This is essential to the finance department as it allows the department to print of vital data from e-mails and documents. Processors This is a component in a computer which is capable of executing a program and it interprets computer program instructions and processes data. This is the core component of a computer. The processor which is in the computers which ASDAs finance department has is Pentium XEON Processor which is a very good processor. Data Storage USB Ports: The definition of a USB port is a Universal Serial Bus standard to interface devices. In ASDAs finance department so the employees are able to complete some work at home and then bring it to work and transfer it to their computer at work. However USB connects far more than some people think, they connect: mouse devices, keyboards, scanners, digital cameras and printers. ASDAs finance department uses this data storage device for all of these reasons. Hard Disk: This storage device is a non volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. The hard disk in ASDAs finance department contains a memory of 80 GB. This huge hard disk is used to save numerous files such as forecasts, stock control and budgets. Without a big memory ASDAs finance department wouldnt be able to operate properly as they wouldnt be able to store all the files they needed to. Connection Intranet: The intranet is an internet service based just within the ASDA company. Briefly, an intranet can be understood as a private version of the Internet, or as a version of the Internet confined to a company. So ASDA has an internet service based on ASDA so information on the employees, employee of the moth and just general information on the website is displayed on ASDAs intranet. Internet: The internet is used in ASDAs finance department to use e-mail, gain information to help the department create a forecast and check the news as breaking news in the stock market can affect every single business in the UK including ASDA. So ASDA have to be in the best position possible to predict trends and forecast future sales. The finance department uses the internet to send e-mails to Software Applications used by ASDAs Finance Department Microsoft Word: All the computers in the finance department have Microsoft Word as standard. All the computers are updated as soon as the new Microsoft Word comes out so the finance department has Microsoft Word 2007. This has many features which benefits the department and is used for mail merging, memo and also to just write letters to other departments. The finance department of ASDA uses this software to produce the yearly financial report which takes away the profit the company has made from the expenditure to create the net profit of the year. ASDA uses Microsoft Word for this task as it makes the document look more professional ad the spell check tool allows ASDAs finance department to save a lot of time. Also, the finance department uses Microsoft Word to compile pay slips for their employees. Pay slips are essential as they show how much the worker ahs made and how much tax has been taken away from the worker. Once again the reason why Microsoft Word is used for this task is to make it look more professional and also save time because the finance department probably has a template of a pay slip and just have to alter it to match the correct information for each worker. Microsoft Excel: ASDAs finance department uses Excel to produce graphs and tables for several purposes. One of these purposes is to use graphs to accompany forecasts and budgets. They are used in budgets to show how much money is to be spent on each project. More importantly it is in forecasts to validate their prediction by producing graphs of previous trends to show why they think the company will go in the direction they think. Microsoft Access: The finance department uses this software to create databases for many reasons. One is to keep track of their creditors and keep records of whether they have paid them back or how much they still have to pay back. Also, databases are used by the finance department to keep records of each financial report of the year and see if the net profit of the company is increasing or getting worse. Moreover, Access is mainly used because of the advantages it possesses. These are being able to filter, sort and make queries which saves time. The database includes fields with information of ASDAs employees such as surname, first and second name, address lines, town, date of birth, date of employment, current position and salary, National Insurance number and notes where ASDA can comment on any employee. Microsoft Outlook: This software is used to keep the main diary of the office and all the events are noted to the Outlook calendar, using color codes for particular kinds of events. Any member of staff is enabled to access the diary on the main server. Also, Microsoft Outlook is used for workers to notify fellow staff when they are going to take their holidays on the calendar. Microsoft Outlook Express: This is used for sending e-mails to fellow employees and other departments in ASDA. The finance department needs to use e-mail to communicate to stock holders and stock suppliers and manufactures. Also the finance department needs to stay in contact with stock control to be notified if they need to make orders for the purchasing department Norton Anti Virus: This software is used to protect and defend the finances department computers against viruses. Viruses need defending against because they can cause damage to computers and destroy vital files. Viruses are so dangerous because they can cause the finance department to lose files that can stop them from operating efficiently. However, Norton Anti Virus prevents this and protects the computer. Sage Accounting Package: This is professional software for accountants and bookkeepers to help them do the job they need to. It is specially made to help the finance business do what they do. Dreamweaver: The ASDA finance department uses this piece of software to design a good website to advertise the finance department or just ASDA in general. The site includes opening times, news, online shopping, and history of the company and the mission statement of ASDA. The ASDA Finance Department Intranet: All the computers in the department have network cards and network software to allow them to access the sever and printers. Every worker in the finance department has their own passwords and this allows them to use all the software available from the main server and access all of their files from the finance department database. There are some common files on the server and others which are password protected so that only the person with the password can access them. This also prevents staff members accidentally amending or deleting another persons work. Evaluation The objective of ASDA is to comprehensively be recognised as the best supermarket in the UK. ICT as a whole enables ASDAs finance department to achieve its objectives in the following way: 1. Computers allow the finance department to create forecasts which indicate how products are going to sell and how many. 2. The database system which the department uses is much more efficient and quicker than other databases which the finance department was using. 3. ASDA have much software including Sage Accounting Package which is specifically designed for the efficient running of the finance department. 4. The ASDA finance department has the finest ICT equipment for their employees which ensure the employees can do their job with all the help needed from the very best equipment.

Why Was The NHS Created?

Why Was The NHS Created? This essay will outline and discuss the creation of the National Health Service in England. It will focus on the events that contributed to the creation and development of the National Health Service. It will also investigate the extent that it was also opposed. The National Health Service was not as spontaneous and revolutionary as many historians had originally believed, as its origins and beginnings stretched back as far as to the eighteenth century. ..voluntary hospitals[] the sanitation revolution of the mid- nineteenth century [] and the first public housing, accompanied by the provision of isolated hospitals for smallpox and other infectious dieases.  [1]  These voluntary hospitals were the first types of medical institutes for the general public whereby groups of ill people would go to escape their everyday lives to try and recover from their illnesses. However the voluntary hospitals were not always easy to be admitted in to, which would have been very unnerving for the sick. voluntary hospitals could usually only be obtained by presentation of an order from a subscriber or governor.  [2]  This also meant that many people that needed medical treatment did not have access to it and thus had to turn to other types of treatmen t. The nursing profession was not highly respected at this time because of the jobs that it involved. There was also bad sanitation in these hospitals meaning that even if people were admitted there was a chance that they would die as a result of bad sanitation and not their illness alone. It was also at this time that there was an increase in the population of England, the voluntary hospitals did no cope with this increase well as they were under great strains because of this. The National Health Service (NHS) was formed in 1948. It initially advocated free medical care for all citizens of Britain regardless of wealth or class from the cradle to the grave. Its original structure consisted of a hospital service, primary care service as well as community services. However before the NHS was set up the majority of the population were required to pay for any medical treatment or care that they needed, this was problematic as the lower class citizens of Britain in particular found the price of these medical treatments increasingly difficult to pay for. This meant that they had little choice as to what they could do, they could either pay for the treatment which would mean that their household would be even worse off financially or to find other ways of treating their illness themselves. Even if they decided to pay for treatment, for serious illnesses it would have been unlikely that they would have survived, thus meaning that it was not always a wise choice to pay for their treatment. When the NHS was still only a theoretic idea, many people knew that something had to be done with the state of medical care and provisions within England. It was not until 1930 when the Poor Law Act was introduced that many of the poor were merely just sent to dispensaries to buy their medicine, which meant that the patients had no relationship with their doctor and were also not allowed a choice of doctor. This would have effected a lot of people as a relationship with their doctor would have been extremely important to them, more so if they were required to have on going treatment. Also for the medical profession, it would have been important for them to see the same patients to help with the effectiveness and reliability of medical care that the patients needed. The Poor Law Act was an important legislation that was passed as the health of the lower classes was incredibly bad until this time, and they received no health care benefits. Some attempts were made to alleviate sick paupers by outdoor relief and the attendance of parish doctors, but most Boards of Guardians found it cheaper and more convenient to admit them to a workhouse.  [3]  However this became difficult to conduct as too many people were being admitted to these workhouses. Even though the paupers were probably still able to work being in such a place would have been more detrimental to their health because they were not actually getting the medical attention they needed. In 1834 about 10,000 workhouse inmates needed medical care and the number had risen to over 50,000 in 1861.  [4]   The Boar War (1899-1902), World War One (1914-1918), as well as World War Two (1939-1945) could be said to have acted as a catalyst in the creation of the NHS. As the Boar war commenced, it was only too evident to the government how ill and unfit the British men were. Recruitment agents had to turn away the majority of men that came forward for the army as they were too unwell for the demands that the army would have put on them. rejecting about 60 per cent of military volunteers on grounds of stunted growth, rickets, poor eyesight, deformities and weight.  [5]  The conditions outlined were the result of malnurishment and was preventable. Fresh air, exercise and diet were seen as the best ways to elimate such conditions. The Government realised that they had to take measures to ensure that the health of Britain improved, as the country would not be able to perform well in war especially as Britain was a leading power in the world. As another way to help conquer these problems the Labour government implanted free school meals and milk for school children during the second world war. The National Health Insurance Act was introduced by Lloyd George in 1919. He wanted to make sure that lower paid workers were for the first time able to receive medical care. From this moment forward a large range of legislations were passed in relation to and in preparation for a health system for all. It was not until 1929 as part of the Local Government Act, that poor law hospitals were replaced with municipal hospitals that could only be used for taxpayers and paupers were no longer welcome. These hospitals were far from being sophisticated and luxurious, in fact they were no better than poor law hospitals. Many of the larger councils such as London were doing well as they had a constant flow of patients mainly due to larger numbers of people located in the city than in the rural areas, however this was not the case for all councils around England. A large number of the smaller councils were struggling with finance issues, as they were located in rural areas whereby there were not enough patients to use the service and make it efficient. The Kings Fund and the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, as protectors of hospitals realised that there was a problem that they these hospitals would not survive until they became more efficient. It could be argued that the on-set of world war two contributed to the formation of the NHS. It was important for military casualties to be treated effectively whilst Britain was at war. As a result of this the Emergency Medical Scheme (EMS) was set up in 1939 in anticipation of the major casualties that would be present during war time. The EMS was originally responsible for the casualties of servicemen at war. Hospitals were set up to cater for different kinds of injuries such as fractures, and those requiring plastic surgery and burns. However as the number of civilian casualties rose, the scheme extended its service to cater for victims of war such as those injured in domestic blitz attacks, as there were not as many military casualties as was expected. It was at this time that voluntary hospitals were thriving, however in the war years this posed a problem, as the hospitals began to find it increasingly difficult to get funding. They were also located randomly around the country , thus meaning that many ill patients were not able to be treated. The experience that was gained by the formation of the EMS was used as an example of what could be achieved. It could therefore be said that this was one of the first ideas and positive movements towards a national medical service. It was Walter Elliott, the present minister, who first suggested that government should look at a state run hospital service, rather than the Emergency Hospital Scheme which they already had. The Beveridge report was released on 1st December 1942, this focused on social insurance and allied services. Beveridge wanted to ensure that the people of Britian were well cared for and no longer confined to awful conditions. The main ideas in this report outlined the beginnings of a welfare state, he also believed that the Government should eradicate the Five Giant Evils of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness.  [6]  It was to be fully financed by insurance contributions, however private treatment would still be available. It was in this report that Beveridge proclaimed the need for a health service, however he was not precise and no detailed plans were explained. It has been argued that idea of this report becoming implemented resulted in a landslide voting for the Labour party in the 1945 elections. People believed that it would be a success and were eager for it to be introduced. However this changed notions of laissez faire. Clement Atlee was elected Prime Minister after the Labour Party defeated Winston Churchills Conservative Party in 1945. It was at this time that Atlee implemented the idea of the Welfare State, which included a National Health Service and Social Security. The Minister of Health Anuerin Bevan was appointed the role of conducting the service. A National insurance scheme was also set up by Lloyd George in 1911. People in work still had to make contributions each week, as well as employers, but the benefits provided were now much greater. When the NHS was finally started on 5th July 1948 as part of the National Insurance Scheme, The English society had just come out of a major war and were therefore used to having little and thus were content with the simplicity of the health service and saw it as an improvement. The NHS advocated many sanctions including, free general practioners and patient care for all, nationalisation of hospitals, as well as the capitation of general practictioners. It was funded entirely by public taxations. This was a great relief for the poor. The poor gained access to doctors and a range of treatments previously beyond their means, and no longer needed to worry economically about illness or injury.  [7]  However this soon changed in 1951 when charges were imposed for prescriptions, teeth and spectacles. There were many successes as well as failures with the NHS as a whole. It promoted medical technology and advancement of drugs such as penicillin which on the other hand was over used during this period. Infant mortality was reduced as a result of women being able to give birth in clean sanitised areas. There were no longer restrictions for who could be treated. However, the NHS had many problems with finance as overspending was a regular occurance. The NHS budget ed for one million pounds for opticians, but within a year 5.25 million spectacle prescriptions  [8]   There was much opposition to the National Health Service even before it was officially set up. Doctors in particular were deeply displeased, they were worried that as a result of standardisation they would ultimately lose money for their profession. Many of the medical professionals relied on visiting private patients and were not treating people in the hospital. Margret Grieve a midwife worked in Dumfries she explained why the other doctors were concerned with a move towards a universal service. there was apprehension about being employed by the government. I remember the consultants talking about it. Most of them earned only a pittance from their hospital work, so they depended on private patients for their living, and they were afraid of losing that. The private patients did not want it either. But the ones coming back from the war were happy with the NHS, because they did not have the private patients.  [9]  The BMA (British Medical Association) believed that the move towards a salarised service would pose a threat to clinical freedom. The BMA were serious about what they believed and made a stand. They told their members not to conform to the Act, and asked them to sign a petition in agreement that they would refuse to serve until the government accepted almost conditions put forward by their council.  [10]  The BMA were probably the most powerful organisation to oppose the NHS as without doctors, the NHS would not have been able to run and ultimately survive. The Minister of Health said that, until the autumn of 1947,there had been some prospect that the medical profession as a whole would willingly accept the scheme for a National Health Service, and many leading members of the profession were still favourably disposed to it.  [11]  There was conflict between the medical professions and government up until the NHS act was passed in 1948, in April of the same year it looked unpromising that the doctors would even join. Doctors representatives and most Tory policitians sought secure funding for hospitals, but were unwilling to see the prestigious charity hospitals subordinated in an extension of local authority services.  [12]   Only the most senior doctors in hospitals (consultants) were allowed to continue private treatment.  [13]  Churches and Charities also feared that they would be forced to become nationalised and would become inclusive of the NHS plans. However in due time the BMA had no choice but to release its members from their agreements as the professionals had began joining the NHS, had resigned from the BMA and therefore were not taking any notice of the BMA advice. Resignations from the BMA increased every month during the second half of 1912.  [14]  Bevan had to compromise a lot for the BMA, he allowed GPs and consultants to continue to run their private practises as well as an increased salary for consultants and nurses. The professionals also began to realise that by not going the NHS they would become less financially stable. Bevan did all he could do and gave them offers that they could not refuse. I stuffed their mouths with gold.  [15]  In effect Bevan compromised with the BMA, by making the NHS sound appealing to them. However the Conservation party also were not fully accepting of the service and the labour party were also divided over the direction of a health service, Herbert Morrison believed that the service should not be run by the government but by the local councils. However this went against what Bevan was advocating, as it defeated the object that the service was to be universal. There was no necessarily a lot of opposition to the National Health Service, but the main opposition being the BMA was the largest and the most significant, as without professionals it would not have been able to function. Bevan saw this as a challenge.